منتدى شقاوة منتديات شقاوة منتدى شقاوه التجاري اسواق سيتي

عمر تاج الدين · 11-11-2021, 02:35 PM

difference between dna and rna
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/ diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk,-ˌkleɪ-/ (About this soundlisten); (1) DNA) is a patch composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying inheritable instructions for the development, performing, growth and reduplication of all known organisms and numerous contagions. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.
The two DNA beaches are known as polynucleotides as they're composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. (2) (3) Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen- containing nucleobases (cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) or thymine (T)), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds ( known as the phospho-diester relation) between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the coming, performing in an interspersing sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide beaches are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double- stranded DNA. The reciprocal nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, pyrimidines and purines. In DNA, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine; the purines are adenine and guanine.

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Both beaches of double- stranded DNA store the same natural information. This information is replicated as and when the two beaches separate. A large part of DNA ( further than 98 for humans) isnon-coding, meaning that these sections don't serve as patterns for protein sequences. The two beaches of DNA run in contrary directions to each other and are therefore antiparallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (or bases). It's the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes inheritable information. RNA beaches are created using DNA beaches as a template in a process called recap, where DNA bases are changed for their corresponding bases except in the case of thymine (T), for which RNA backups uracil (U). (4) Under the inheritable law, these RNA beaches specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called restatement.
Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, furnishing a complete set of chromosomes for each son cell. Eukaryotic organisms ( creatures, shops, fungi and protists) store utmost of their DNA inside the cell nexus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. (5) In discrepancy, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm, in indirect chromosomes. Within eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins, similar as histones, compact and organize DNA. These compacting structures guide the relations between DNA and other proteins, helping control which corridor of the DNA are transcribed.

RNA
RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid. Numerous different kinds are now known. (1)

RNA is physically different from DNA DNA contains two intercoiled beaches, but RNA only contains one single beachfront. RNA also contains different bases from DNA. These bases are the following

(A) Adenine
( G) Guanine
(C) Cytosine
(U) Uracil
Adenine forms bonds with uracil, and guanine forms bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is reciprocal to uracil and that guanine is reciprocal to cytosine. The first three bases are also plant in DNA, but uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.

RNA also contains ribose as opposed to deoxyribose plant in DNA. These differences affect in RNA being chemically more reactive than DNA. This makes it the more suitable patch to take part in cell responses.

RNA is the carrier of inheritable information in certain contagions, especially the retroviruses like the HIV contagion. This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the heritable substance.
UTR, and poly (A) tail. UTR = untranslated region
The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequence from the genes to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

This is done by runner RNA (mRNA). A single beachfront of DNA is the design for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA beachfront. The sequence of base dyads is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Also the mRNA moves from the nexus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins. The mRNA translates the sequence of base dyads into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins. This process is called restatement.

DNA doesn't leave the nexus for colorful reasons. DNA is a veritably long patch, and is bound in with proteins, called histones, in the chromosomes. mRNA, on the other hand is suitable to move and to reply with colorful cell enzymes. Formerly transcribed, the mRNA leaves the nexus and moves to the ribosomes.

Two kinds ofnon-coding RNAs help in the process of structure proteins in the cell. They're transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short patch of about 80 nucleotides which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a ribosome. There's a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each bone has a point for the amino acid to attach, and ananti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For illustration, codons UUU or UUC law for the amino acid phenylalanine.
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic element of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA motes 18S,5.8 S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA motes are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized away. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein conflation. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time. (2) rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80 of the 10 mg/ ml RNA plant in a typical eukaryotic cytoplasm. (3)

snRNAs
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) join with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern indispensable splicing. Genes law for proteins in bits called exons. The bits can be joined together in different ways to make different mRNAs. Therefore, from one gene numerous proteins can be made. This is the process of indispensable splicing. Any unwanted performances of the protein get diced up by proteases, and the chemical bitsre-used.

عنوان الموضوع الاصلي: difference between dna and rna || الكاتب: عمر تاج الدين || مصدر الموضوع: منتديات شقاوه - منتدى شقاوه - شات شقاوه

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منتديات شقاوه منتدى شقاوة منتدى سويقي اسواق سوق

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المصدر: منتدى شقاوة منتديات شقاوة منتدى شقاوه التجاري اسواق سيتي

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